What are the 4 steps of moral decision making?

Focusing on the process of understanding and resolving an ethical dilemma, James Rest (1994) developed a theoretical model of ethical decision making that involves four distinct psychological processes: moral awareness, moral judgment, moral intention, and moral action.

What are the 4 parts of the moral decision making model?

The original Defence Ethical Decision-Making model was based on James Rest's four-component model of moral reasoning, which views moral behaviour as the result of a four-stage psychological process whereby individuals (1) recognize a moral issue, (2) make a moral judgment, (3) form a moral intent, and (4) perform a ...

What are the 4 rules of ethical decision making?

There are different ways to approach decision making by considering four key elements, or rules: the utilitarian rule, moral rights, justice rule, and practical rule. Following the utilitarian rule, you're making decisions that will have the largest positive impact on stakeholders.

What is 4 stage ethical decision?

Rest's four-step model provides the foundation for moral reasoning and includes the following steps: 1) identification of the ethical dilemma (ethical sensitivity); 2) application of moral judgment; 3) engagement of moral motivation; and 4) acting with moral intent.

What are the 4 parts of moral Judgement?

But there is substantial diversity in what has been called moral judgment. This article offers a framework that distinguishes, theoretically and empirically, four classes of moral judgment: evaluations, norm judgments, moral wrongness judgments, and blame judgments.

Ethical Decision Making

What is stage 4 of moral reasoning?

Stage 4: Law and order orientation

The individual now takes into consideration a larger perspective, that of societal laws. Moral decision making becomes more than consideration of close ties to others. The individual believes that rules and laws maintain social order that is worth preserving.

What are the 4 ethical principles defined?

Beneficence (doing good) Non-maleficence (to do no harm) Autonomy (giving the patient the freedom to choose freely, where they are able) Justice (ensuring fairness)

What is the 4 component model of ethical behavior?

Focusing on the process of understanding and resolving an ethical dilemma, James Rest (1994) developed a theoretical model of ethical decision making that involves four distinct psychological processes: moral awareness, moral judgment, moral intention, and moral action.

Why are the four ethical principles important?

The four principles of Beauchamp and Childress - autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice - have been extremely influential in the field of medical ethics, and are fundamental for understanding the current approach to ethical assessment in health care.

What step is first in an ethical decision making model?

First, you need to determine whether there is an ethical dimension to the issue or problem requiring a decision. Then, you need to collect and evaluate relevant information in light of the organization's values, principles and code of ethics. Alternative actions are considered, and a decision is made.

What is stage 4 of moral development examples?

We might imagine, for example, a young man and woman discussing a new law. The man says that everyone should obey it, like it or not, because laws are vital to social organization (stage 4). The woman notes, however, that some well-organized societies, such as Nazi Germany, were not particularly moral.

What are the four 4 applications of morality in moral education?

In discussing the application of morality, four aspects may be considered: religious moral- ity, morality and nature, individual morality, and social morality.

What are the six stages of moral Judgement?

Embodied in these three levels are six phases of sequential growth: obedience and punishment, instrumental purpose, good boy nice girl, law and order, social contract and universal ethical principle. These three levels and six stages of moral development are the fundamental structure of Kohlberg's theory.

What is the most ideal stage of moral development?

Stage 6 (Universal Principles): Kohlberg's final level of moral reasoning is based on universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules.

What is the first order moral Judgement?

First-order moral questions concern what we should do. Such questions may be very general or quite specific. One might ask whether the tradition of 'senior' authorship should be defended and preserved or, more generally, what are the principles that should go into deciding the issue of 'senior' authorship.

What is an example of moral reasoning?

We are frequently confronted with decisions that require moral considerations. For instance, should I return the extra change that the cashier mistakenly gave me, or should I just pocket the extra change? Should I tell my friend that his wife might be cheating on him, or should I mind my own business?

What is the difference between ethics and morality?

Both morality and ethics loosely have to do with distinguishing the difference between “good and bad” or “right and wrong.” Many people think of morality as something that's personal and normative, whereas ethics is the standards of “good and bad” distinguished by a certain community or social setting.

What are the levels of morality?

Kohlberg identified three levels of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Each level has two sub-stages. People can only pass through these levels in the order listed. Each new stage replaces the reasoning typical of the earlier stage.

What is the meaning of moral dilemma?

A moral dilemma exists when available choices and obligations do not allow for moral outcomes. In such instances, a choice or an action is anticipated or required, and all of the available alternatives violate some moral obligation.

How do you make a moral decision?

The approaches suggested for analyzing moral choice situations include: (a) identify the outcomes of available alternative courses of action; (b) rule out strategies that involve deception, coercion, reneging on promises, collusion, and contempt for others; (c) be authentic (do not deceive yourself); (d) relate to ...

How do you know if a decision is ethical?

Do feelings serve moral decision-making?

Emotions – that is to say feelings and intuitions – play a major role in most of the ethical decisions people make. Most people do not realize how much their emotions direct their moral choices. But experts think it is impossible to make any important moral judgments without emotions.

What is the most important moral emotion?

These emotions often encourage people to help others in need. Some experts believe that empathy is the most important moral emotion. Primatologist Frans De Waal writes that “human morality is firmly anchored in the social emotions, with empathy at its core.”

How do you know if a behavior or action is right or wrong?

We can say the act is right or wrong because it is a certain kind of act, it fits in with certain principles or rules, or we can say the act is right or wrong because it results in good or bad consequences.

Does empathy guide or hinder moral action?

In reality, empathy is not always a direct avenue to moral behavior. Indeed, at times empathy can interfere with moral decision-making by introducing partiality, for instance by favoring kin and in-group members.