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What are the two methods of publication bias testing?

Besides detecting publication bias using selection models and funnel-plot-based methods, it is also important to quantify publication bias using measures that permit comparisons between different meta-analyses. A candidate measure is the intercept of the regression test (Egger et al., 1997).
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How do you test for publication bias?

Egger's test is commonly used to assess potential publication bias in a meta-analysis via funnel plot asymmetry (Egger's test is a linear regression of the intervention effect estimates on their standard errors weighted by their inverse variance).
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What is the difference between Egger's test and Begg's test?

The test of Begg assesses if there is a significant correlation between the ranks of the effect estimates and the ranks of their variances. The test of Egger uses linear regression to assess the relation between the standardized effect estimates and the standard error (SE).
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How is publication bias assessed?

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses use a funnel plot to check for the existence of publication bias or systematic heterogenicity in the studies taken for analysis. If the plot is symmetric inverted funnel shape, publication bias is unlikely.
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What is trim and fill method of publication bias?

The idea of the trim-and-fill method is to first trim the studies that cause a funnel plot's asymmetry so that the overall effect estimate produced by the remaining studies can be considered minimally impacted by publication bias, and then to fill imputed missing studies in the funnel plot based on the bias-corrected ...
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Testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis

What is the Duval and Tweedie trim and fill method?

The trim and fill procedure uses the logic of the funnel plot to estimate how many studies it would take for the funnel to be symmetrical when there are studies with small samples and effect sizes missing from the left side of the funnel plot (Duval and Tweedie, 2000a, 2000b).
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What is trim and fill method Cochrane?

The trim and fill method requires no assumptions about the mechanism leading to publication bias, provides an estimate of the number of missing studies, and also provides an estimated intervention effect 'adjusted' for the publication bias (based on the filled studies).
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What is the funnel test for publication bias?

If there is publication bias, then studies with low precision that have negative or non-significant results will be missing from the plot because they were not published, producing a funnel plot that is asymmetric. Identifying funnel plot asymmetry may therefore suggest the possibility of publication bias.
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What are some examples of publication bias?

There are a number of factors that can cause publication bias:
  • Researchers often do not submit their negative findings because they feel their research has “failed,” or that it's not interesting enough.
  • In some cases, researchers may suppress negative results from clinical trials for fear of losing their funding.
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What is an example of publication bias?

For example, a researcher may cite their own published work more often than expected because researchers tend to refer to their own work more frequently. Moreover, they often overestimate the number of times their work has been cited.
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What does Egger's test tell you?

Egger's Test performs weighted regression analysis of the effect size estimates on their precision measures (i.e., standard errors). The metric of interest here is the intercept line, indexed by b. A significant intercept (an intercept with p < 0.05; i.e., statistically significant) suggests publication bias.
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What is the p value of Egger's test?

Egger's test for a regression intercept gave a p-value of 0.028, indicating possible publication bias. The funnel plot for Figure 4B shows no evidence of publication bias. Begg and Mazumdar's test for rank correlation gave a p-value of 1.000, indicating no publication bias.
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How can publication bias be prevented?

Bias can be minimized by (1) insisting on high-quality research and thorough literature reviews, (2) eliminating the double standard concerning peer review and informed consent applied to clinical research and practice, (3) publishing legitimate trials regardless of their results, (4) requiring peer reviewers to ...
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How many studies are needed to assess for publication bias?

Second, investigators should use appropriate techniques to assess publication bias such as Egger's regression or symmetry of funnel plots whenever there are greater than 10 studies combined in a meta-analysis (with less than 10 the assessment methods are not very reliable).
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What is another name for publication bias?

Publication bias is sometimes called the file-drawer effect, or file-drawer problem. This term suggests that results not supporting the hypotheses of researchers often go no further than the researchers' file drawers, leading to a bias in published research.
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What is meant by publication bias?

Dickersin & Min define publication bias as the failure to publish the results of a study “on the basis of the direction or strength of the study findings.” This non-publication introduces a bias which impacts the ability to accurately synthesize and describe the evidence in a given area.
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What is the problem with publication bias?

In preclinical and experimental research, this bias may seriously distort the literature, drain scarce resources by undertaking research in futile quests, and lead to misguided research and teaching practices.
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What is biased testing?

A biased test is generally understood to be a test that. produces results that are systematically unfair to some group. For this to happen, the test must ordinarily measure variables. for that group at least partly distinct from those it measures. for other people in the population.
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What is the difference between Prisma and Cochrane?

The PRISMA Statements and Cochrane Reviews may differ by structure since the first is a checklist that encompasses seven aspects of the report, while the second includes concepts and presents a broad range of circumstances to consider when reporting systematic reviews.
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What is Prisma P checklist?

The PRISMA-P checklist is intended primarily for the preparation of protocols of systematic reviews and meta-analyses that summarize aggregate data from studies, particularly the evaluations of the effects of interventions. There are many review types that are outside of this scope.
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What is trim and fill funnel plot?

Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463. Duval, S. J., & Tweedie, R. L. (2000b). A nonparametric "trim and fill" method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis.
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What is the trim and fill method in metafor?

The trim and fill method is a nonparametric (rank-based) data augmentation technique proposed by Duval and Tweedie (2000a, 2000b; see also Duval, 2005). The method can be used to estimate the number of studies missing from a meta-analysis due to suppression of the most extreme results on one side of the funnel plot.
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Is reporting bias the same as publication bias?

Reporting bias (publication bias or outcome reporting bias) occurs when the decision to report depends on the direction or magnitude of the findings. In clinical research, registration of trials prior to data collection is used to prevent selective reporting ( Chan et al., 2017; Gopal et al., 2018).
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What is a 2 sided test p-value?

p-value: For a 2 sided test, the p-value is equal to 2 times the p-value for the lower-tailed p-value, if the value of the test statistic from your sample is negative. The p-value is equal to 2 times the p-value for the upper-tailed p-value if the value of the test statistic from your sample is positive.
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What is the funnel plot in R publication bias?

The funnel plot basically consists of a funnel and two axes: the y-axis showing the Standard Error SE of each study, with larger studies (which have a smaller SE ) plotted on top of the y-axis; and the x-axis showing the effect size of each study.
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